admin – Fidar Shimi Jam

Gas Chromatography (GC)

admin — Fri, 16 Apr 2021 21:35:56 +0000

Gas chromatography is a separation technique for the analysis of volatile compounds without their breakdown. The system works on two phases, a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The mobile phase is an inert gas (commonly hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, argon, or carbon dioxide), sometimes called the carrier gas. The stationary phase is either an adsorbent solid or a thin film of a non-volatile liquid. Separation takes place when the sample tries to distribute itself between these two phases. What makes GC different than other types of chromatography is that the mobile phase does not interact chemically with the analytes.

Common types of GC inlets include split/splitless (SSL), purged packed (PP), multimode (MMI), cool-on-column (COC), and programmed-temperature vaporizing (PTV) inlets. A whole host of detectors are available to use with GC instruments, including FID, TCD, NPD, NCD, FPD+, ECD, SCD, and MSD, to name but a few, and the choice is solely down to the analytical need.

Agilent 7890B

Laboratory Gas Generators

admin — Mon, 15 Mar 2021 13:43:32 +0000

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

admin — Sun, 14 Mar 2021 22:38:46 +0000

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is one of the most important analytical techniques in chemistry, which is used for the separation, identification, and quantification of small amounts of chemical species. Like other chromatographic systems, in high-pressure liquid chromatography, the mobile phase is liquid, and the stationary phase is solid or liquid. It has increased at an exponential rate faster than any other type of analytical separation, and is now generating billions of dollars in sales per year. Its explosive growth is due to its sensitivity, its evolution for precise quantitative work, the separation of non-volatile or thermally unstable compounds, and, above all, its enormous applicability in industry, science, and research.

HPLC systems can be combined with many detectors such as PDA, RID, FLD, UV-VIS, MS, etc.

Waters 2695 Alliance

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS)

admin — Sun, 14 Mar 2021 12:45:14 +0000

Atomic absorption spectroscopy is an analytical method for measuring the amount of chemical elements in the form of free atoms in the gas phase as a function of the amount by which they absorb light. Its basic principle is simple: free metal ions absorb light of certain wavelengths. In analytical chemistry, AAS has many applications in determining the quantity of a specific element in a test sample. This technique is capable of detecting over 70 elements in a solution and in solid samples.

In practice, an absorption spectrum of the sample is used to measure the desired analyte. In order to correlate the degree of absorption with the analyte concentration, standards of known concentration are needed. For proper elemental analysis, the sample has to be transformed into free atoms first.

Currently, the most commonly used atomizers are electrothermal and flame atomizers. After atomization, the atoms are pumped with light, and the emissions are run through a monochromator, which isolates certain wavelengths before measuring them with a detector.

AAS has many applications in pharmaceutical manufacturing, water and wastewater analysis, toxicology research, biophysics, catalytic process studies, archaeology, and many other scientific fields.

Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

admin — Wed, 10 Mar 2021 22:40:47 +0000

GC-MS is a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry in which the separation ability of gas chromatography is used along with the identification power of mass spectrometry. It is one of the most popular analytical methods for samples consisting of volatile or semi-volatile compounds (liquid, gaseous, or solid). GC-MS systems are useful for determining the identity and the amount of components in a mixture of unknown composition.
GC-MS can only analyze those samples that can be injected into the GC. Typically, these are volatile substances (essential oils from plants with low boiling points) or substances that can be converted into volatile substances by derivatization. In the system, the mixture components are first separated in a GC column. After the carrier gas has been removed, the analytes are drawn into the ionization source of the mass spectrometer, where high-energy electric fields fragment and identify them based on their mass-to-charge ratios.
A major plus point for this method is its speed: components can be identified in less than 90 seconds after entering the system. GC-MS is also extraordinarily sensitive – down to the picogram range – so it is possible to determine the exact composition of complex samples with extraordinary accuracy.

Various shakers

admin — Mon, 08 Mar 2021 10:22:58 +0000

Hollow-cathode lamps

admin — Mon, 08 Mar 2021 09:06:30 +0000

GC and HPLC syringes

admin — Mon, 08 Mar 2021 08:54:06 +0000

UV–Vis Spectrophotometry

admin — Sun, 07 Mar 2021 12:51:41 +0000

A UV/Vis spectrophotometer is an analytical laboratory instrument that is used to study the interaction of light with matter in order to identify and measure chemical compounds. Its major function is to measure the light absorption by molecules so that it can precisely determine their concentration and structure. These systems have single-beam as well as double-beam designs. Visible-range spectrophotometers use tungsten lamps, and UV spectrophotometers use deuterium lamps to measure analyte concentration with a high level of accuracy.

Educational workshops

admin — Sun, 07 Mar 2021 12:40:32 +0000